Urine is produced by the kidneys, two fistsized organs located on either side of the spine at the bottom of the. Urine test is performed for several health reasons. This microscopic evaluation of the urine is often only performed if indicated when there are abnormal findings on. Package insertsmultistix, clinitest, acetest, and lctotest, bayerames company. Oliguria reduced output volume of urine below 500mls can be caused by. Reference is the list of expected results in a normal urine. Laboratory values see inside back cover for continuation. This is the list of visual aspects evaluated and chemical tests performed using a test strip. Urine for laboratory analysis must be transferred quickly and at the correct temperature otherwise it becomes a breeding ground for contaminants.
But by itself, urine ph provides little useful information. It has been known for centuries that abnormalities in urine may indicate disease and the analysis of urine are developed from simple visual examination to the modern automated methods. Urinalysis is the examination of urine based on normal and abnormal findings. Negative or traces normal urine colour is often described as straw, yellow or amber. The test involves only normal urination, and there is no discomfort.
This chapter focuses on what the physician may do in a few minutes with a urine sample. Foods such as acidic fruits cranberries can lower the ph, as can high a high protein diet. As part of a routine medical exam to screen for early signs of disease. Reference values for normal urinalysis it is important to check with each agencys laboratory for normal reference values as they may vary slightly. Pdf normal reference laboratory values researchgate.
Normal, fresh urine is pale to dark yellow or amber in color. The normal kidney is able to produce urine osmolality in the range of 8001400 mosmkg water in dehydration and minimal osmolality of 4080 mosmkg water during diuresis. Urine analysis international emergency medicine education. Therefore, any condition that produces acids or bases in the body such as acidosis or alkalosis, or the ingestion of acidic or basic foods, can directly affect urine ph. Volume of urine for a healthy adult is about 750 and 2500 ml of urine in 24 hours, or approximately 25 to 30 ml per hour. Red urine may be due to blood, haemoglobin, or beetroot. This appears to be a urinalysis lab report and describes some type of cells with the quantity listed per high power field under the microscope. It is used mainly to assess the health of the kidneys and urinary system, but it can also reveal problems in other organ systems, and is important for diagnosing metabolic disease such as diabetes mellitus. Color and clarity are the two most notable features of the gross evaluation. However, depending on the acidbase status, urinary ph may range from as low as 4. Normal urinalysis values for ph level range between 4. Leukocyte esterase, nitrite, protein, blood, ketones, bilirubin, glucose. Urinalysis is a routine test that reports the physical and chemical properties of urine.
Cortisol, free, urine less than 90 g24 h 248 nmol24 h. Urinalysis is usually the only test that provides diagnostic assistance. Thus, the normal urine albumin to creatinine ratio uacr is pdf background the objective of this study was to establish agedependent values for urinary renalasecreatinine renalasecr ratio in healthy. Jul 28, 2016 urinalysis is the examination of urine based on normal and abnormal findings. Polyuria is the passage of large volume of urine in a given period. Normal fresh equine urine is light to dark yellow and clear to cloudy. Sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 82% when positive for either leukocyte esterase or nitrite. Possibilities include contamination of the specimen by. Knowing the different normal lab values is an important step in making an informed clinical decision as a nurse. Learn urine normal with free interactive flashcards. One major function of the kidney is to regulate acidbase balance by excreting excess acid or base into the urine.
This microscopic evaluation of the urine is often only performed if indicated when there are abnormal findings on the visual and chemical examination. The kidneys play a large role in helping maintain the acidbase balance within the body. The need for trained human resources in the field is, therefore, very essential not only for patient care but also for preventive measures. The analysis was carried out with ten different urine samples. This may be seen in patients who are volume depleted. Urinalysis is the examination of urine for certain physical properties, solutes, cells, casts, crystals, organisms, or particulate matter. Normal values for urine analysis doctors answer your questions.
Biochemical composition of normal urine article pdf available in nature precedings november 2011 with 15,869 reads how we measure reads. Blood may make urine look red or the color of tea or cola. Electrolytes the term electrolyte is any substance occurring as free ions that. This colour may be altered by medications, food sources or disease. Sep 12, 2014 the urine sample should be correctly obtained, agespecific aspects should be considered, and agedependent reference values should be used. Schilling test oral administration of radioactive cobalaminlabeled vitamin b12 8. Vitamin tablets often result in a bright yellow urine, as does the presence of bilirubin a bile pigment.
This is not done for therapeutic drugs and some other tests. Diagnostic and laboratory tests are tools that provide invaluable insights and information about the patient. Lab tests are used to help confirm a diagnosis, monitor an illness, and the patients response to treatment. Thus, the normal urine albumin to creatinine ratio uacr is normal urine protein to creatinine ratio upcr is pdf background the objective of this study was to establish agedependent values for urinary renalasecreatinine renalasecr ratio in healthy. Urine color varies based on the urine concentration and chemical composition. Interpretation of urine analysis march 2015 denise k link, mpas, pac the university of texas southwestern medical center denise. Haemoglobinuria is the presence of haemoglobin in urine. Values outside the reference range should be interpreted in context with the. Basic urine tests urinalysis test alternative names occurunits usual normal range examples of conditions in which abnormal values ph, urine ph ph units 4.
Because urinalysis is easy, cheap, and productive, it is recommended as part of the initial examination of all patients and should be repeated as clinically warranted. Dipstick urine analysis without urine culture is sufficient for dxof uncomplicated uti. Your physician can advise you as heshe would have the full report. The tests detect andor measure several substances in the urine, such as byproducts of normal and abnormal metabolism, cells, cellular fragments, and bacteria. Normal urine color is due to the presence of a pigment called urochrome. According to the american association for clinical chemistry, the average value for urine ph is 6. Basic laboratory tests basic urine tests urinalysis. Negative or traces pdf available in nature precedings november 2011 with 15,869 reads how we measure reads. Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this. Highly concentrated urine has a darker yellow appearance. This is a good method for infants and small children. The test also measures the ph balance of the urine, which determines how acidic it is. Blood, plasma, and serum reference values vary based on several factors, including the specific laboratory that supplies them. Uti symptoms of dysuria, frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain andor hematuria.
The method of collection, usually free catch or via urinary catheter in horses, should be noted because it can be relevant to interpretation. Urinalysis is a complete examination of urine sample for health objectives. If you have signs of diabetes or kidney disease, or to monitor you if you are being treated for these conditions. Urine composition and characteristics are directly related to the diet of cats and because the natural diet is difficult to characterize, it is difficult to establish normal reference values. Urine reference values vary based on several factors, including. A dipstick is a thin, plastic stick with strips of chemicals on it. Urine analysis renal function kidney free 30day trial. Normal urine can vary from pale light yellow to a dark amber color. Haematuria is the presence of red blood cells in urine. Furthermore, prolonged storage of urine samples before analysis can result in the overgrowth of bacteria leading to a high urine ph. A urinalysis is a group of physical, chemical, and microscopic tests.
Urine is normally acidic but its normal ph ranges from 4. Characteristic expected measurement color pale yellow to amber appearance clear to slightly hazy odor slight volume 1500 ml24 hours 750 2500 range. A patients blood test values should be interpreted based on the reference value of the laboratory in which the test was done. Osmolality normal adult with normal fluid intake wil produce urine of 500850 mosmkg water. Urine reference values vary based on several factors, including the specific laboratory that supplies them.
Feline reference values for urine composition the journal. Determine the nature of an impairment of renal function 2. A patients urine test values should be interpreted based on the reference value of the laboratory in which the test was done. Measurement of creatinine by jaffes reaction determination. Chapter 1 urinalysis 3 per day and on average 1,000 mg of creatinine per day. Educate yourself about the urinalysis normal values, so that you can read urine test reports on your own. The urine sample should be correctly obtained, agespecific aspects should be considered, and agedependent reference values should be used. The urine will be looked at for color and clearness.
Urine analysis interpretation of equine laboratory. Apr 26, 2020 the test also measures the ph balance of the urine, which determines how acidic it is. A high ph can be caused by urinary tract infection, vomiting, or kidney failure. May 14, 2020 knowing the different normal lab values is an important step in making an informed clinical decision as a nurse. Dec 15, 2015 normal urine color is due to the presence of a pigment called urochrome.
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